Whether you are new to Chiari or wondering why you are still experiencing debilitating symptoms after decompression, this is a good place to start.

While our site concentrates on Chiari Zero, Chiari 1, Chiari 1.5, and touches on Chiari 2, all of them involve one or more problems with the cerebellum (Latin for "little brain"). The cerebellum is the largest structure of the hindbrain. It accounts for about 10% of the brain’s total volume, yet it contains over 50% of all the brain’s neurons.^[1]

Multiple factors have been identified which can either cause or attribute to Chiari malformations.^[2] Although they too were once thought to be rare, Acquired Chiari malformations are now being diagnosed in increasing numbers. A brief overview of what each of these labels entail, together with a summary of the different types of CM’s, is provided below:

Congenital Chiari is believed to be caused by a posterior cranial fossa hypoplasia (PCFH).^[3] While the cerebellum continued to grow in utero, the posterior skull failed to grow proportionately. Problems resulting from this size discrepancy continue and eventually the overcrowding of the hind-brain squeezes the cerebral tonsils downward into the opening of the spinal canal (cranial constriction). While the herniation of the cerebellar tonsil(s) can take place during gestation or after birth, because the cause is 100% congenital, and the process most likely began in utero, it is usually considered a Congenital Chiari Malformation when the only pathology found is a small posterior cranial fossa. In one large study, they found those with a Chiari Malformation and no associated etiological/pathological co-factors, with only slightly over 52% having a small PCF. When other co-factors were present, the number of patients found with a small PCF plummeted, and therefore it should be considered acquired until proven otherwise.^[4]

Acquired Chiari can have one or more possible pathological co-factors; any of which can result in the descent of the cerebellar tonsils. Many patients mistakenly conceptualize an Acquired Chiari Malformation as being brought on only by trauma; however, “acquired” is an antonym for “congenital,” so an Acquired Chiari Malformation in medical terms is one that a person was not born with. While this can include Acquired Chiari malformations resulting from trauma, it usually refers to herniated tonsils secondary to a variety of other medical conditions:^[2]

Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue (HDCTs), most commonly Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDS), make the tonsils more prone to prolapse below the foramen magnum.

Multiple conditions are known to create a pushing/pulling effect that can result in a tonsillar herniation. These conditions include: Intracranial Hypertension (IH), Atlantoaxial Instability and Craniocervical Instability (AAI/CCI), Tethered Cord Syndrome (TCS), and Intracranial Hypotension (cerebrospinal fluid leaks), Hydrocephalus, and a variety of cysts and brain tumors.^[5]

Special care should be taken when any of these co-morbid conditions exist in conjunction with a Chiari Malformation. Before the consideration of decompression surgery, a plan should be developed which addresses each possible comorbid condition before decompression. This can reduce the likelihood of complications and/or a failed decompression surgery.

Contrary to popular belief, a Chiari Malformation does not indicate a large brain or a small skull. Most doctors ascribe to the belief that a Chiari Malformation is nothing but a congenitally underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa (posterior fossa hypoplasia) and indeed the surgical treatment that they recommend is technically called a Posterior Fossa Decompression (not a Chiari Decompression, as patients tend to call it).

A small posterior fossa, in and of itself, does not cause a problem unless it pushes the cerebellar tonsils (the lowest part of the hindbrain) down into the foramen magnum (the hole at the base of the skull), and the size of that herniation is the ONLY thing that doctors routinely measure when they diagnose a Chiari Malformation. They diagnose according to a criteria that only considers the size and appearance of the cerebellar tonsils (without measuring the posterior cranial fossa at all).

• Are the cerebellar tonsils herniated into the foramen magnum by at least 3-5mm?

• Are the cerebellar tonsils pointy enough?

If the answer to both of these questions is affirmative, most surgeons will diagnose it as a congenital Chiari Malformation (caused by the small posterior fossa THAT THEY NEVER MEASURED), and recommend a posterior fossa decompression based solely on their assumptions.

While a small posterior fossa can cause the cerebellar tonsils to prolapse, there are many conditions that can also cause such a cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (CTE). Therefore, when these pathological (causal/attributing) factors (pushing or pulling the cerebellar tonsils downward) go untreated and the foramen magnum is enlarged with a decompression surgery, the factors are still there and the patient is left with an even larger hole for the hindbrain to prolapse into.